What are the net consequences for human wellbeing of converting remaining areas of wild nature for “mainstream” economic use?

This question is central to understanding whether conservation makes economic (as well as moral) sense. As the MA confirmed, nearly all studies to date focus on gross values of “intact” ecosystems, but policy makers need to know about changes net of the goods and services delivered during and after conversion. To date only ~5 studies anywhere in the world have addressed this crucial question. Obstacles include the misguided perception that such studies need to be comprehensive, covering all services. However, if they include just a handful but still (as in all examples to date) reveal a net cost of conversion, they can nevertheless provide a compelling case for conservation.

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