How do the dual effects of greenhouse gases on the ocean (warming and acidification) interact with local stressors (overfishing and pollution) to reduce ecosystem services and cause extinctions?

The ocean covers 70% of the planet, yet the dual impacts of greenhouse gases are typically ignored – e.g. solutions designed to reduce heating without reducing CO2 concentrations ignore the threat posed by acidification. Moreover, we know little about the synergies between local and global stressors, and how reducing the former might buy us time to deal with the latter.

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