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	<title>Earth System Visioning &#187; ecosystems</title>
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	<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org</link>
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		<title>How does mankind, responsible for climatic and other anthropogenic changes including geo-political and cultural processes, interact with biodiversity, ecosystems and the services they provide?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/how-does-mankind-interact-with-biodiversity-ecosystems/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/how-does-mankind-interact-with-biodiversity-ecosystems/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2009 23:35:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jiskavandijk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interdisciplinary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social-Ecological Systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conservation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[human behavior]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sustainability]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=1726</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The widespread recognition of the considerable value of biodiversity and ecosystems for man kind has led to an increasing need to understand and assess the role of biodiversity and ecosystem services and to assess the changing state of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and public attitudes towards them. Understanding the changing state there is a need [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/how-does-mankind-interact-with-biodiversity-ecosystems/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>8</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>What factors determine the resilience of the full set of interacting ecosystem services that support human well-being and allow for adaptation to a changing environment?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/resilience-ecosystem-services/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/resilience-ecosystem-services/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2009 13:37:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>SCarpenter</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interdisciplinary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social-Ecological Systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adaptation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sustainability]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=812</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This question requires interdisciplinary research among physical, biological and social sciences. It raises significant conceptual or theoretical issues, as well as significant needs for empirical research at global and regional scales. The question quickly gives rise to a host of important more specialized questions. Answers to this family of questions are relevant for applied questions [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/resilience-ecosystem-services/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>What are the global impacts (socio, economic, others) of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/what-are-the-global-impacts-socio-economic-others-of-biodiversity-loss-and-ecosystem-degradation/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/what-are-the-global-impacts-socio-economic-others-of-biodiversity-loss-and-ecosystem-degradation/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 Jul 2009 19:30:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>PG</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interdisciplinary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social-Ecological Systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=795</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The reason why the “Vision” must address this question is that biodiversity loss impacts local communities, environmentally, culturally, socially, and economically. However, unless we have a global perspective of the level of the threat (ex. IPCC and climate change), we will be hard pushed to reach the tipping point of public concern to come up [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/what-are-the-global-impacts-socio-economic-others-of-biodiversity-loss-and-ecosystem-degradation/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>5</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>How and why did genuine global changes happen? What were their local and global consequences on the physical environment, the ecosystems and the societies? What thresholds are involved?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/how-why-genuine-global-change-consequence/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/how-why-genuine-global-change-consequence/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 25 Jul 2009 23:24:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>paillard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social-Ecological Systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CO2]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[threshold]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=928</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Without paleoclimatic information, we would not know that atmospheric CO2 can vary naturally by up to 100 ppm on glacial-interglacial times, that abrupt climatic changes did occur on annual or decadal scales, that ice sheets may disrupt very rapidly, and basically that climate can change at all. These testimonies of how our Earth system is [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/how-why-genuine-global-change-consequence/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>What are the regional vulnerabilities in the availability of fresh water to support human needs and sustain freshwater biodiversity, and how can these vulnerabilities be mitigated?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/regional-vulnerability-fresh-water-availability-mitigation/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/regional-vulnerability-fresh-water-availability-mitigation/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2009 14:25:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Davi Dudgeon</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interdisciplinary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social-Ecological Systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adaptation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mitigation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[water]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=1121</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Fresh water is multi-user resource subject to multiple threats including over-exploitation and contamination such that both quantity and quality of water is absolutely limiting for humans in many parts of the globe.  Freshwater ecosystems support around 10% of global biodiversity (in less than 1% of the Earth’s surface area), and provide valuable ecosystem services [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/regional-vulnerability-fresh-water-availability-mitigation/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>How long can the Earth System sustain the present rate of human-induced global-environmental change?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/earth-system-sustain-environment-change/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/earth-system-sustain-environment-change/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2009 20:50:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Blanchon</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interdisciplinary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[habitat]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[methane]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oceans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[permafrost]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=833</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Humans are modifying the planet at an alarming rate. Cropland and pasture now cover almost 50% of the entire land surface. This has led to massive habitat destruction, fragmentation and pollution and, together with overhunting, is causing a critical loss in biodiversity. Agricultural pollution is also having a devastating impact on aquatic and marine ecosystems [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/earth-system-sustain-environment-change/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>5</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>How can we boost agricultural output and improve rural livelihoods in the developing world (especially sub-Saharan Africa) without attendant land/forest degradation and resultant biodiversity loss?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/boost-agriculture-without-degradation-biodiversity-loss/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/boost-agriculture-without-degradation-biodiversity-loss/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2009 14:09:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bfisher</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interdisciplinary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social-Ecological Systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[degradation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[desertification]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[food]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rain]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=880</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sub-Saharan Africa is the poorest region of the world and experiencing high rates of land degradation, desertification, forest degradation and loss.  The ecology-welfare link in this part of the world is very strong and most people live outside formal institutions and markets.  Declining crop yields have meant agricultural expansion and in places like [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/boost-agriculture-without-degradation-biodiversity-loss/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>What are the components and dimensions of biodiversity that are necessary for particular ecosytem processes, functions and services, now and in the future?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/components-and-dimensions-of-biodiversity-necessary-for-ecosytem-processes-functions/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/components-and-dimensions-of-biodiversity-necessary-for-ecosytem-processes-functions/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2009 10:30:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gmace</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[resilience]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=1504</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Biodiversity has many dimensions (composition, variation, richness, phylogenetic, interactions and networks). We understand that diversity and variability provide insurance against future changes (~resilience). But which measures of biodiversity will best predict the quality and quantity of ecosystem processes, functions and services that biodiversity supports and on which we depend? When, where and how is biodiversity [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/components-and-dimensions-of-biodiversity-necessary-for-ecosytem-processes-functions/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>What are the critical biodiversity levels below which ecosystems collapse, due to human interventions?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/determine-critical-biodiversity-levels-ecosystems-collaps/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/determine-critical-biodiversity-levels-ecosystems-collaps/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2009 15:54:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bentenbrink</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=1084</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Mankind will exploit ecosystems more and more to fulfill its needs. Once the use will destroy its capability to restore and will lead to an irreversible loss of both biodiversity and its production capability. The knowledge of these critical levels are a matter of life and death.
]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/07/determine-critical-biodiversity-levels-ecosystems-collaps/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>How to establish balanced use of agricultural land and better ecological function?</title>
		<link>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/balanced-use-of-agricultural-and-ecological-function/</link>
		<comments>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/balanced-use-of-agricultural-and-ecological-function/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2009 12:20:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>greengard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interdisciplinary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social-Ecological Systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[food]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[land-use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[market system]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.icsu-visioning.org/?p=1160</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Agricultural land occupies about 10% of total land area, pastures not included. Its ecological influence (nutrient cycles, carbon storage, energy, water, biodiversity) is considerably larger. The sector is growing both in extent and intensity. The world needs good ecological function of this sector.
The main task for agriculture is to produce food for mankind. The present [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.icsu-visioning.org/2009/08/balanced-use-of-agricultural-and-ecological-function/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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